自动驾驶 数据集 nuScenes Python

这是一篇跟着官方教程走的深入文章，官方教程有6篇。现在这篇是 prediction_tutorial.ipynb，也就是第六篇，最后一篇了，链接：here

6篇教程分别如下：

• nuscenes_tutorial.ipynb
• nuscenes_lidarseg_panoptic_tutorial.ipynb
• nuimages_tutorial.ipynb
• can_bus_tutorial.ipynb
• map_expansion_tutorial.ipynb
• prediction_tutorial.ipynb

背景

这篇需要我们使用数据进行预测，工具还是 nuScenes devkit。这篇文章更像是一篇教你怎么使用数据进行预测，训练模型以及提交模型，总的来说，还是值得看的，所以跟着教程走一次。

准备工作

我们的数据集目录是/Users/lau/data_sets/nuscenes

启动 jupyter，创建 prediction.ipynb

pip install nuscenes-devkit

from nuscenes import NuScenes

# This is the path where you stored your copy of the nuScenes dataset.
DATAROOT = '/Users/lau/data_sets/nuscenes'

nuscenes = NuScenes('v1.0-mini', dataroot=DATAROOT)

# 输出结果
======
Loading NuScenes tables for version v1.0-mini...
Loading nuScenes-lidarseg...
Loading nuScenes-panoptic...
32 category,
8 attribute,
4 visibility,
911 instance,
12 sensor,
120 calibrated_sensor,
31206 ego_pose,
8 log,
10 scene,
404 sample,
31206 sample_data,
18538 sample_annotation,
4 map,
404 lidarseg,
404 panoptic,
Done loading in 0.649 seconds.
======
Reverse indexing ...
Done reverse indexing in 0.1 seconds.
======

预测挑战

数据拆分

nuScenes 预测挑战的目标是预测nuScenes数据集中代理（agents）的未来位置。代理通过实例标记（instance token）和样本标记（sample token）进行索引。为了获取挑战的训练集和验证集中的代理列表，我们提供了一个名为get_prediction_challenge_split的函数。

get_prediction_challenge_split函数返回一个字符串列表，格式为{instance_token}_{sample_token}。

from nuscenes.eval.prediction.splits import get_prediction_challenge_split
mini_train = get_prediction_challenge_split("mini_train", dataroot=DATAROOT)
mini_train[:5]

# 输出结果
['bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6_39586f9d59004284a7114a68825e8eec',
 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6_356d81f38dd9473ba590f39e266f54e5',
 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6_e0845f5322254dafadbbed75aaa07969',
 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6_c923fe08b2ff4e27975d2bf30934383b',
 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6_f1e3d9d08f044c439ce86a2d6fcca57b']

未来/过去数据

我们提供了一个名为PredictHelper的类，该类提供了查询代理过去和未来数据的方法。该类通过包装NuScenes类的实例进行实例化。

from nuscenes.prediction import PredictHelper
helper = PredictHelper(nuscenes)

要在特定时间点获取代理的数据，请使用get_sample_annotation方法。

instance_token, sample_token = mini_train[0].split("_")
annotation = helper.get_sample_annotation(instance_token, sample_token)
annotation

# 输出结果
{'token': 'a286c9633fa34da5b978758f348996b0',
 'sample_token': '39586f9d59004284a7114a68825e8eec',
 'instance_token': 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6',
 'visibility_token': '4',
 'attribute_tokens': ['cb5118da1ab342aa947717dc53544259'],
 'translation': [392.945, 1148.426, 0.766],
 'size': [1.708, 4.01, 1.631],
 'rotation': [-0.5443682117180475, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8388463804957943],
 'prev': '16140fbf143d4e26a4a7613cbd3aa0e8',
 'next': 'b41e15b89fd44709b439de95dd723617',
 'num_lidar_pts': 0,
 'num_radar_pts': 0,
 'category_name': 'vehicle.car'}

要获取代理的未来/过去数据，请使用get_past_for_agent/get_future_for_agent方法。如果将in_agent_frame参数设置为true，则坐标将以代理的局部坐标系为准。否则，坐标将以全局坐标系为准。

future_xy_local = helper.get_future_for_agent(instance_token, sample_token, seconds=3, in_agent_frame=True)
future_xy_local

# 输出结果
array([[ 0.01075063,  0.2434942 ],
       [-0.20463666,  1.20515386],
       [-0.20398583,  2.57851309],
       [-0.25867757,  4.50313379],
       [-0.31359088,  6.67620961],
       [-0.31404147,  9.67727022]])

代理的坐标系以代理当前位置为中心，代理的朝向与正Y轴对齐。例如，future_xy_local中的最后一个坐标对应于代理起始位置前方9.67米，左侧0.31米的位置。

future_xy_global = helper.get_future_for_agent(instance_token, sample_token, seconds=3, in_agent_frame=False)
future_xy_global

# 输出结果
array([[ 392.836, 1148.208],
       [ 392.641, 1147.242],
       [ 392.081, 1145.988],
       [ 391.347, 1144.208],
       [ 390.512, 1142.201],
       [ 389.29 , 1139.46 ]])

请注意，我们还可以通过传递just_xy=False来返回整个注释记录。但是，在这种情况下，将不考虑in_agent_frame参数。

helper.get_future_for_agent(instance_token, sample_token, seconds=3, in_agent_frame=True, just_xy=False)

# 输出结果
[{'token': 'b41e15b89fd44709b439de95dd723617',
  'sample_token': '356d81f38dd9473ba590f39e266f54e5',
  'instance_token': 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6',
  'visibility_token': '4',
  'attribute_tokens': ['cb5118da1ab342aa947717dc53544259'],
  'translation': [392.836, 1148.208, 0.791],
  'size': [1.708, 4.01, 1.631],
  'rotation': [-0.5443682117180475, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8388463804957943],
  'prev': 'a286c9633fa34da5b978758f348996b0',
  'next': 'b2b43ef63f5242b2a4c0b794e673782d',
  'num_lidar_pts': 10,
  'num_radar_pts': 2,
  'category_name': 'vehicle.car'},
 {'token': 'b2b43ef63f5242b2a4c0b794e673782d',
  'sample_token': 'e0845f5322254dafadbbed75aaa07969',
  'instance_token': 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6',
  'visibility_token': '4',
  'attribute_tokens': ['cb5118da1ab342aa947717dc53544259'],
  'translation': [392.641, 1147.242, 0.816],
  'size': [1.708, 4.01, 1.631],
  'rotation': [-0.5443682117180475, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8388463804957943],
  'prev': 'b41e15b89fd44709b439de95dd723617',
  'next': '7bcf4bc87bf143588230254034eada12',
  'num_lidar_pts': 13,
  'num_radar_pts': 3,
  'category_name': 'vehicle.car'},
 {'token': '7bcf4bc87bf143588230254034eada12',
  'sample_token': 'c923fe08b2ff4e27975d2bf30934383b',
  'instance_token': 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6',
  'visibility_token': '4',
  'attribute_tokens': ['cb5118da1ab342aa947717dc53544259'],
  'translation': [392.081, 1145.988, 0.841],
  'size': [1.708, 4.01, 1.631],
  'rotation': [-0.5443682117180475, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8388463804957943],
  'prev': 'b2b43ef63f5242b2a4c0b794e673782d',
  'next': '247a25c59f914adabee9460bd8307196',
  'num_lidar_pts': 18,
  'num_radar_pts': 3,
  'category_name': 'vehicle.car'},
 {'token': '247a25c59f914adabee9460bd8307196',
  'sample_token': 'f1e3d9d08f044c439ce86a2d6fcca57b',
  'instance_token': 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6',
  'visibility_token': '4',
  'attribute_tokens': ['cb5118da1ab342aa947717dc53544259'],
  'translation': [391.347, 1144.208, 0.841],
  'size': [1.708, 4.01, 1.631],
  'rotation': [-0.5443682117180475, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8388463804957943],
  'prev': '7bcf4bc87bf143588230254034eada12',
  'next': 'e25b9e7019814d53876ff2697df7a2de',
  'num_lidar_pts': 20,
  'num_radar_pts': 4,
  'category_name': 'vehicle.car'},
 {'token': 'e25b9e7019814d53876ff2697df7a2de',
  'sample_token': '4f545737bf3347fbbc9af60b0be9a963',
  'instance_token': 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6',
  'visibility_token': '4',
  'attribute_tokens': ['cb5118da1ab342aa947717dc53544259'],
  'translation': [390.512, 1142.201, 0.891],
  'size': [1.708, 4.01, 1.631],
  'rotation': [-0.5443682117180475, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8388463804957943],
  'prev': '247a25c59f914adabee9460bd8307196',
  'next': 'fe33c018573e4abda3ff8de0566ee800',
  'num_lidar_pts': 24,
  'num_radar_pts': 2,
  'category_name': 'vehicle.car'},
 {'token': 'fe33c018573e4abda3ff8de0566ee800',
  'sample_token': '7626dde27d604ac28a0240bdd54eba7a',
  'instance_token': 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6',
  'visibility_token': '4',
  'attribute_tokens': ['cb5118da1ab342aa947717dc53544259'],
  'translation': [389.29, 1139.46, 0.941],
  'size': [1.708, 4.01, 1.631],
  'rotation': [-0.5443682117180475, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8388463804957943],
  'prev': 'e25b9e7019814d53876ff2697df7a2de',
  'next': '2c1a8ae13d76498c838a1fb733ff8700',
  'num_lidar_pts': 30,
  'num_radar_pts': 2,
  'category_name': 'vehicle.car'}]

如果我们想返回整个样本的数据，而不仅仅是样本中的一个代理，可以使用get_annotations_for_sample方法。这将返回样本中每个注释代理的记录列表。

sample = helper.get_annotations_for_sample(sample_token)
len(sample)

# 输出结果
78

请注意，还有get_future_for_sample和get_past_for_sample方法，类似于get_future_for_agent和get_past_for_agent方法。

我们还提供了计算代理在给定时间点的速度、加速度和航向变化率的方法。

# We get new instance and sample tokens because these methods require computing the difference between records.
instance_token_2, sample_token_2 = mini_train[5].split("_")

# Meters / second.
print(f"Velocity: {helper.get_velocity_for_agent(instance_token_2, sample_token_2)}\n")

# Meters / second^2.
print(f"Acceleration: {helper.get_acceleration_for_agent(instance_token_2, sample_token_2)}\n")

# Radians / second.
print(f"Heading Change Rate: {helper.get_heading_change_rate_for_agent(instance_token_2, sample_token_2)}")

# 输出结果
Velocity: 4.385040264738063
Acceleration: 0.30576530453207523
Heading Change Rate: 0.0

地图 API

我们在地图 API 中添加了几个方法，以帮助查询车道中心线信息。

from nuscenes.map_expansion.map_api import NuScenesMap
nusc_map = NuScenesMap(map_name='singapore-onenorth', dataroot=DATAROOT)

在地图 API 中进行了如下更改：

• 使用get_closest_lane方法可以获取最接近某个位置的车道。
• 使用get_lane_record方法可以查看车道的内部数据表示。
• 还可以通过get_outgoing_lanes和get_incoming_lane方法探索车道的连接性。

x, y, yaw = 395, 1095, 0
closest_lane = nusc_map.get_closest_lane(x, y, radius=2)
closest_lane

# 输出结果
'5933500a-f0f2-4d69-9bbc-83b875e4a73e'

lane_record = nusc_map.get_arcline_path(closest_lane)
lane_record

# 输出结果
[{'start_pose': [421.2419602954602, 1087.9127960414617, 2.739593514975998],
  'end_pose': [391.7142849867393, 1100.464077182952, 2.7365754617298705],
  'shape': 'LSR',
  'radius': 999.999,
  'segment_length': [0.23651121617864976,
   28.593481378991886,
   3.254561444252876]}]

nusc_map.get_incoming_lane_ids(closest_lane)

# 输出结果
['f24a067b-d650-47d0-8664-039d648d7c0d']

nusc_map.get_outgoing_lane_ids(closest_lane)

# 输出结果
['0282d0e3-b6bf-4bcd-be24-35c9ce4c6591',
 '28d15254-0ef9-48c3-9e06-dc5a25b31127']

为了帮助操控车道，我们添加了一个arcline_path_utils模块。例如，我们可能想要将车道离散化为一系列姿态。

from nuscenes.map_expansion import arcline_path_utils
poses = arcline_path_utils.discretize_lane(lane_record, resolution_meters=1)
poses

# 输出结果
[(421.2419602954602, 1087.9127960414617, 2.739593514975998),
 (420.34712994585345, 1088.2930152148274, 2.739830026428688),
 (419.45228865726136, 1088.6732086473173, 2.739830026428688),
 (418.5574473686693, 1089.0534020798073, 2.739830026428688),
 (417.66260608007724, 1089.433595512297, 2.739830026428688),
 (416.76776479148515, 1089.813788944787, 2.739830026428688),
 (415.87292350289306, 1090.1939823772768, 2.739830026428688),
 (414.97808221430097, 1090.5741758097668, 2.739830026428688),
 (414.0832409257089, 1090.9543692422567, 2.739830026428688),
 (413.1883996371168, 1091.3345626747464, 2.739830026428688),
 (412.29355834852475, 1091.7147561072363, 2.739830026428688),
 (411.39871705993266, 1092.0949495397263, 2.739830026428688),
 (410.5038757713406, 1092.4751429722162, 2.739830026428688),
 (409.6090344827485, 1092.8553364047061, 2.739830026428688),
 (408.7141931941564, 1093.2355298371958, 2.739830026428688),
 (407.81935190556436, 1093.6157232696858, 2.739830026428688),
 (406.92451061697227, 1093.9959167021757, 2.739830026428688),
 (406.0296693283802, 1094.3761101346656, 2.739830026428688),
 (405.1348280397881, 1094.7563035671556, 2.739830026428688),
 (404.239986751196, 1095.1364969996453, 2.739830026428688),
 (403.3451454626039, 1095.5166904321352, 2.739830026428688),
 (402.4503041740119, 1095.8968838646251, 2.739830026428688),
 (401.5554628854198, 1096.277077297115, 2.739830026428688),
 (400.6606215968277, 1096.657270729605, 2.739830026428688),
 (399.7657803082356, 1097.0374641620947, 2.739830026428688),
 (398.8709390196435, 1097.4176575945846, 2.739830026428688),
 (397.9760977310515, 1097.7978510270746, 2.739830026428688),
 (397.0812564424594, 1098.1780444595645, 2.739830026428688),
 (396.1864151538673, 1098.5582378920544, 2.739830026428688),
 (395.2915738652752, 1098.9384313245444, 2.739830026428688),
 (394.3967548911081, 1099.318677260896, 2.739492242286598),
 (393.5022271882191, 1099.69960782173, 2.738519982101022),
 (392.60807027168346, 1100.0814079160527, 2.737547721915446),
 (391.71428498673856, 1100.4640771829522, 2.7365754617298705)]

在给定查询姿态的情况下，还可以找到车道上最接近的姿态。

closest_pose_on_lane, distance_along_lane = arcline_path_utils.project_pose_to_lane((x, y, yaw), lane_record)

print(x, y, yaw)
closest_pose_on_lane

# 输出结果
395 1095 0
(396.25524909914367, 1098.5289922434013, 2.739830026428688)

# Meters.
distance_along_lane

# 输出结果
27.5

要找到整个车道的长度，可以使用length_of_lane函数。

arcline_path_utils.length_of_lane(lane_record)

# 输出结果
32.08455403942341

还可以计算车道在车道上给定距离处的曲率。

# 0 means it is a straight lane.
arcline_path_utils.get_curvature_at_distance_along_lane(distance_along_lane, lane_record)

# 输出结果
0

输入表示

在预测领域中，通常将代理的状态表示为一个张量，其中包含有关语义地图（如可行驶区域和人行道）以及周围代理的过去位置的信息。

该领域中的每篇论文选择以稍微不同的方式表示输入。例如，CoverNet和MTP选择将地图信息和代理位置栅格化为三通道RGB图像。但是，《Rules of the Road》（http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/papers/Hong_Rules_of_the_Road_Predicting_Driving_Behavior_With_a_Convolutional_CVPR_2019_paper.pdf）决定使用一个"更高"的张量，其中信息以不同的通道表示。

我们提供了一个名为input_representation的模块，旨在帮助您定义自己的输入表示。简而言之，您需要定义自己的StaticLayerRepresentation、AgentRepresentation和Combinator。

StaticLayerRepresentation控制静态地图信息的表示方式。AgentRepresentation控制场景中代理的位置表示方式。Combinator控制如何将这两种信息源合并为一个单独的张量。

有关更多信息，请参考input_representation/interface.py。

此外，我们提供了CoverNet和MTP中使用的输入表示的实现。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

from nuscenes.prediction.input_representation.static_layers import StaticLayerRasterizer
from nuscenes.prediction.input_representation.agents import AgentBoxesWithFadedHistory
from nuscenes.prediction.input_representation.interface import InputRepresentation
from nuscenes.prediction.input_representation.combinators import Rasterizer

static_layer_rasterizer = StaticLayerRasterizer(helper)
agent_rasterizer = AgentBoxesWithFadedHistory(helper, seconds_of_history=1)
mtp_input_representation = InputRepresentation(static_layer_rasterizer, agent_rasterizer, Rasterizer())

instance_token_img, sample_token_img = 'bc38961ca0ac4b14ab90e547ba79fbb6', '7626dde27d604ac28a0240bdd54eba7a'
anns = [ann for ann in nuscenes.sample_annotation if ann['instance_token'] == instance_token_img]
img = mtp_input_representation.make_input_representation(instance_token_img, sample_token_img)

plt.imshow(img)

模型加强

我们提供了CoverNet和MTP的PyTorch实现。下面我们展示如何对先前创建的输入表示进行预测。

from nuscenes.prediction.models.backbone import ResNetBackbone
from nuscenes.prediction.models.mtp import MTP
from nuscenes.prediction.models.covernet import CoverNet
import torch

backbone = ResNetBackbone('resnet50')
mtp = MTP(backbone, num_modes=2)

# Note that the value of num_modes depends on the size of the lattice used for CoverNet.
covernet = CoverNet(backbone, num_modes=64)

agent_state_vector = torch.Tensor([[helper.get_velocity_for_agent(instance_token_img, sample_token_img),
                                    helper.get_acceleration_for_agent(instance_token_img, sample_token_img),
                                    helper.get_heading_change_rate_for_agent(instance_token_img, sample_token_img)]])

image_tensor = torch.Tensor(img).permute(2, 0, 1).unsqueeze(0)

# CoverNet outputs a probability distribution over the trajectory set.
# These are the logits of the probabilities
logits = covernet(image_tensor, agent_state_vector)
print(logits)

#import pickle

# Epsilon is the amount of coverage in the set, 
# i.e. a real world trajectory is at most 8 meters from a trajectory in this set
# We released the set for epsilon = 2, 4, 8. Consult the paper for more information
# on how this set was created

#PATH_TO_EPSILON_8_SET = ""
#trajectories = pickle.load(open(PATH_TO_EPSILON_8_SET, 'rb'))

# Saved them as a list of lists
#trajectories = torch.Tensor(trajectories)

# Print 5 most likely predictions
#trajectories[logits.argsort(descending=True)[:5]]

from nuscenes.prediction.models.physics import ConstantVelocityHeading, PhysicsOracle

cv_model = ConstantVelocityHeading(sec_from_now=6, helper=helper)
physics_oracle = PhysicsOracle(sec_from_now=6, helper=helper)

cv_model(f"{instance_token_img}_{sample_token_img}")

physics_oracle(f"{instance_token_img}_{sample_token_img}")

提交结果

前面的部分介绍了Prediction数据类型。在本部分，我们将详细解释其格式。

一个Prediction包含四个字段：

1. instance：代理的实例标记。
2. sample：代理的样本标记。
3. prediction：模型的预测结果。一个预测可以包含多达25条候选轨迹。该字段必须是一个具有三个维度的NumPy数组（轨迹数（也称为模式数），时间步数，2）。
4. probabilities：与每个预测模式对应的概率。这是一个形状为(模式数,)的NumPy数组。

from nuscenes.eval.prediction.data_classes import Prediction
import numpy as np

# This would raise an error because instance is not a string.
Prediction(instance=1, sample=sample_token_img,
           prediction=np.ones((1, 12, 2)), probabilities=np.array([1]))

# This would raise an error because sample is not a string.

Prediction(instance=instance_token_img, sample=2,
           prediction=np.ones((1, 12, 2)), probabilities=np.array([1]))

# This would raise an error because prediction is not a numpy array.

Prediction(instance=instance_token_img, sample=sample_token_img,
           prediction=np.ones((1, 12, 2)).tolist(), probabilities=np.array([1]))

# This would throw an error because probabilities is not a numpy array. Uncomment to see.

Prediction(instance=instance_token_img, sample=sample_token_img,
           prediction=np.ones((1, 12, 2)), probabilities=[0.3])

# This would throw an error because there are more than 25 predicted modes. Uncomment to see.

Prediction(instance=instance_token_img, sample=sample_token_img,
           prediction=np.ones((30, 12, 2)), probabilities=np.array([1/30]*30))

# This would throw an error because the number of predictions and probabilities don't match. Uncomment to see.

Prediction(instance=instance_token_img, sample=sample_token_img,
           prediction=np.ones((13, 12, 2)), probabilities=np.array([1/12]*12))

要向挑战提交结果，需要将模型预测存储在Python列表中，并将其保存为JSON文件。然后，将文件进行压缩，并上传至评估服务器。

示例请参考eval/prediction/baseline_model_inference.py文件。

参考

• https://colab.research.google.com/github/nutonomy/nuscenes-devkit/blob/master/python-sdk/tutorials/prediction_tutorial.ipynb
• https://github.com/nutonomy/nuscenes-devkit/tree/master/python-sdk/nuscenes/prediction

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